如果講電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)三(san)大元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是我(wo)們最常見(jian)的電(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的話,而(er)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)則是我(wo)們見(jian)到最多的半(ban)(ban)導(dao)(dao)體電(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。為(wei)(wei)什(shen)么說二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)不同于(yu)電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)而(er)被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)半(ban)(ban)導(dao)(dao)體電(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)那?這(zhe)是因為(wei)(wei)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)是利(li)用半(ban)(ban)導(dao)(dao)體材料(liao)根據其(qi)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)有P極(ji)(ji)(ji)流向N極(ji)(ji)(ji)的特性(xing)而(er)制成的,故被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)半(ban)(ban)導(dao)(dao)體電(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。比(bi)它功能更強(qiang)大的三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)、MOS管(guan)(guan)等(deng)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也是半(ban)(ban)導(dao)(dao)體電(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)有兩個管(guan)腳,一個是(shi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)一個是(shi)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji),它最大的特性是(shi)單向(xiang)導電(dian)性,既電(dian)荷只能由正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)流向(xiang)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)主要(yao)的參數有額(e)定電(dian)流、額(e)定電(dian)壓、結電(dian)壓等(deng)(deng),選(xuan)用(yong)時應根(gen)據(ju)實際要(yao)求加以甄別選(xuan)用(yong)。二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)種(zhong)類很多功能各異,常見的有整流二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan),穩壓二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan),發光(guang)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)等(deng)(deng)。
整(zheng)流(liu)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)是用(yong)來(lai)將AC變為DC的(de),在單相(xiang)整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)當(dang)中(zhong)根據(ju)所(suo)用(yong)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)數量分為:采用(yong)單只二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)半(ban)波整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu);利(li)用(yong)變壓器抽頭加(jia)兩只二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)全(quan)波整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu);以(yi)及利(li)用(yong)四只二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)構成的(de)橋式整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。三相(xiang)整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)分為半(ban)波整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和三相(xiang)全(quan)橋式整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。這些電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)相(xiang)關知識在一般電(dian)(dian)子技術教(jiao)材當(dang)中(zhong)均有(you)講解,詳(xiang)情請參考相(xiang)關資(zi)料(liao)。我(wo)們在工作(zuo)當(dang)中(zhong)常(chang)見整(zheng)流(liu)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)應用(yong)的(de)地(di)方有(you)各種電(dian)(dian)子設備(bei)初級(ji)整(zheng)流(liu)側,真(zhen)空交流(liu)接觸器吸合線(xian)圈前面的(de)整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)。我(wo)們常(chang)見的(de)整(zheng)流(liu)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)多為黑色塑封(feng)的(de)1.5A的(de)1N4700--1N4707系列(lie)。整(zheng)流(liu)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)一般在其表面用(yong)一圈銀環來(lai)指(zhi)示負極(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)在。
穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)常(chang)用(yong)在對(dui)直流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值有一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)求的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)當(dang)中(zhong)。穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)是利用(yong)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)反向擊穿特(te)性(xing)而(er)制作的(de)(de)元件,其在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)當(dang)中(zhong)最(zui)應該(gai)注(zhu)意的(de)(de)一(yi)點既(ji)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)要(yao)反向使用(yong),也就(jiu)是要(yao)將(jiang)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji),其正極(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji),這一(yi)點要(yao)牢記。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)有1N4728--1N4769系列,其穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)范圍3.3v--100v。但由于穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)流值不大,故常(chang)用(yong)在工作電(dian)(dian)流較(jiao)小的(de)(de)線路(lu)(lu)當(dang)中(zhong)。此外利用(yong)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)特(te)性(xing)在有關電(dian)(dian)子線路(lu)(lu)當(dang)中(zhong),它(ta)還被賦予限幅、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)采用(yong)比較(jiao)的(de)(de)作用(yong)。
發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管是(shi)我們(men)在工作(zuo)(zuo)指示和日常照明當中(zhong)常接觸到的元(yuan)件,我們(men)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)采用其(qi)英文(wen)縮寫LED來(lai)代(dai)指它。由于現在大功率發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管的不斷涌現,原有普(pu)亮(liang)(liang)、超(chao)亮(liang)(liang)、甚亮(liang)(liang)的分(fen)類方法已很難(nan)適(shi)用。發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管的工作(zuo)(zuo)電壓(ya)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為(wei)2.5--4.5v左(zuo)右,在高于其(qi)工作(zuo)(zuo)電壓(ya)的電路中(zhong)要串入合(he)適(shi)的降壓(ya)電阻才能保(bao)障(zhang)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管的正(zheng)(zheng)常工作(zuo)(zuo)。發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)級管同樣是(shi)有極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)的元(yuan)件,一(yi)般(ban)(ban)帽(mao)式發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管管腳較長的一(yi)端為(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji),大功率片狀發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管一(yi)般(ban)(ban)都會在元(yuan)件焊接處給予極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)符號標示的,使(shi)用或更換時要注意。
此外二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管家族當中(zhong)還有(you)檢波二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管、開關二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管、激光二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管、變容二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管等許多種類的(de)(de)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管。大家在(zai)使用和檢修(xiu)時應仔(zi)細閱(yue)讀其(qi)參數(shu)說明書(shu)。總之(zhi),認識(shi)和掌(zhang)握二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管這種最(zui)基礎的(de)(de)半導體元件(jian),是我們學(xue)習電(dian)子知識(shi)的(de)(de)必經之(zhi)路。
